In a bold move to tighten control over digital communications, Russia has ordered that Max, a state-backed WhatsApp rival, must be pre-installed on all new smartphones and tablets sold in the country starting September 1, 2025. The Kremlin announced that Max will be included in a list of mandatory Russian apps, reinforcing its push for digital sovereignty and reducing reliance on foreign-owned platforms like WhatsApp and Telegram.
Developed by VK, Russia’s state-controlled technology giant, Max has already been downloaded by 18 million users, though parts of the service are still in testing. Officials claim the app will soon integrate seamlessly with government services, embedding it deeply into Russia’s digital ecosystem.
WhatsApp and Telegram Under Pressure
The new policy comes amid rising tensions between Russia and the West over the war in Ukraine, with Moscow framing its digital policies as part of creating a new global order.
According to independent firm Mediascope, WhatsApp remains the most popular messenger in Russia with 97.3 million users, followed by Telegram at 90.8 million. VK’s own Messenger app ranks third, with 17.9 million users. By mandating Max, Russia aims to disrupt this dominance and promote homegrown alternatives.
Earlier this month, authorities imposed restrictions on WhatsApp and Telegram, accusing them of failing to share data with law enforcement regarding fraud and terrorism cases. The Kremlin has since argued that Max is not only more secure but also less intrusive, with state media claiming it collects fewer user permissions compared to foreign rivals.
Privacy and Surveillance Concerns
Critics, however, warn that Max could be used as a digital surveillance tool, giving the state more control over private communications. Human rights advocates say the app may serve as an extension of Russia’s broader efforts to monitor and restrict online freedom.
The Interior Ministry, defending the rollout, has called Max “safer than WhatsApp and Telegram” and highlighted that it had already assisted in fraud investigations.
This decision aligns with Russia’s ongoing strategy to localize technology, enforce digital compliance, and strengthen cyber sovereignty. By mandating Max, the Kremlin is making it clear that foreign-owned apps may no longer dominate its communications landscape.
Whether Russians adopt Max enthusiastically or continue to rely on WhatsApp and Telegram will be a key test of how far state-backed digital platforms can go in reshaping the country’s social and digital ecosystem.
